Resource-efficient intelligent transportation systems as a basis for sustainable development. Overview of initiatives and strategies

: Intelligent transportation systems mostly operate on information exchange principle between vehicles and roadside infrastructure. They are commonly regarded as a base technology for persistent diminution of road accidents and traffic efficiency increase. However, intelligent transportation systems can also be used at all levels of transportation systems as a basis for stable development of cities, enterprises, regions, states, continents. According to the research, the existing intelligent transportation systems not only provide the considerable reduction of greenhouse gases emissions, fuel saving, time of travel cutting, but they don’t marginalize citizens’ mobility as well. Thus, the further development and introduction of modern transportation innovative technologies will allow to guarantee the power-and resources efficiency and, therefore, the sustainable development of the whole society.


Introduction
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) is a transportation system which applies innovative developments in traffic flow modeling and regulating aimed at final consumers be well-informed and safe and to increase greatly the traffic participants level of interaction compared to conventional transportation systems (Directive EU, 2010).
Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, EU Directive 2010/40/EU (7 July 2010) defined ITS as systems in which information and communication technologies are applied in the field of road transport, including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of transport (Directive 2010/40/EU).
Intelligent transportation systems (ІТS) apply modern technologies to improve transport networks.ІТS is a collective term whilst using electronics, communications, information processing technology etc.The very name of "ІТS" was originally used by Japanese professionals at the conference in Yokohama in 1995.

Main material
Rapid progress in the field of computation engineering and mobile communication has caused the boom in such systems development and reduce cost for smart/electronic devices use, making them affordable for millions of consumers.
Programs for the travel online planning, car navigators, digital maps-guidebooks, automatic road data -all these are the examples of intelligent transportation systems (ІТS).
Actually, any transport-technology combination can be referred to as an "intelligent" one, and possibilities of ITS application are practically unlimited.

Fig. 1. Sub-categories of intelligent transportation systems
Safe ITS are focused on safety and reducing the number of accidents and injuries dealing with traffic.
Most early systems and projects can be referred to as safe ITS.
In Europe, the first research programs for cooperative ITS date back to the 1980s; the European project PROMETHEUS (1987)(1988)(1989)(1990)(1991)(1992)(1993)(1994) marked the beginning of a cooperative driving system using inter-vehicle communication in the 57 GHz frequency band (Festag, 2014).By 2000, a new wave of research and development activities in academia and industry was initiated worldwide, triggered by the availability of GPS, embedded systems, and WiFi.In Europe, more than 40 different projects on C-ITS have been initiated since 2000.Starting with initial feasibility studies, such as FleetNet and NoW, projects greatly contributed to the current technology state and standardization, for example, SAFESPOT, GeoNet, SEVECOM, CoVeL, and COMeSafety.Finally, field operation tests (DRIVE C2X, SIM-TD, SCORE@F, etc.) validated and assessed the potential positive impact of C-ITS on safety and traffic efficiency at various test sites across Europe.Further projects have been initiated to study cooperative automated driving, such as the AutoNet2030 project (Festag, 2014).
Vehicles are getting safer, cleaner, and more intelligent.Various sensors and assistant systems enable vehicles to monitor their environment.By means of information exchange among vehicles, as well as between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure, vehicles transform from autonomous systems into cooperative systems.Inter-vehicle communication is a cornerstone of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), commonly referred to as cooperative ITS (C-ITS) or car-2-X communication (Festag, 2014).
The development of C-ITS is primarily driven by applications for active road safety and traffic efficiency, which help drivers to be aware of other vehicles, disseminate warnings about road hazards, and provide realtime information about traffic conditions for speed management and navigation.Typically, these C-ITS applications rely on always-on connectivity among the vehicles in the vicinity, including the roadside infrastructure, and frequent data exchange.Additionally, Internet access and location-based services, such as for point-of-interest notification, road access control, and parking management, improve the driving convenience.Among the various possible communication technologies for ITS, a dedicated variant of IEEE 802.11, an allocated frequency band at 5.9 GHz for road safety and traffic efficiency applications, ad hoc networking, and C-ITS specific message sets have emerged as the current state of the art (Festag, 2014).
Nowadays ITSs is the largest and the most versatile group.It includes not only a great variety of information, road, navigating, car systems but insurance and control systems for a vehicle/ driver (telematics) and thousands other systems using data to make "intelligent" transport-related decisions.Most transport-related "applications" which are available on modern smartphones belong to this category.ITSs guarantee enormous

INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ІТS)
Safe ІТS Іntelligent ІТS Еnvironmentally safe ІТS ‹ 8 › economic benefits as both carriers and transport users will be able to make more reasonable decisions to reduce passengers and cargo transportation time and to cut transportation expenditures and delays.Environmentally safe ITSs, sometimes referred to as "eco" or "green" ITSs, apply technologies to reduce the impact of passengers and cargo transportation on the environment.Along with intelligent TSs, environmentally safe ITSs contribute to cut emissions and fuel consumption and help to develop new, ecologically resistant transportation-related decisions.Environmentally safe ITSs have great chances to assist emissions reduction and to minimize transportation effect on the environment, especially at present, when individual mobility is constantly growing.
One of the perfect examples of environmentally safe intelligent transportation systems development in Ukraine is project called "Tesla Club Ukraine".The project assists the popularization of electric vehicles and also concerning their specific functions and correct use.At present the main objective of the club is to develop infrastructure to recharge electric motor cars.Together with its partners the club installed and opened 78 recharge stations absolutely free and easy in use.One more interesting example is a mobile application To-U aimed at comfortable use of free battery chargers Keba P20 around Ukraine, mapping the best route to the nearest recharge station, a charger reservation for the most suitable time.The mobile application allows to spend less time and efforts to recharge an electric motor car (Tesla Club Ukraine, 2016).
There are a lot of similar examples of ITSs implementations in Ukraine but they aren't of systemic nature as they are introduced locally and occasionally.(Rudzinsky & Melnichuk, 2012).
Thus, it would make sense to study the evolution of intelligent transportation systems strategies.Here, the research of motor transport communication systems seems to be quite useful.(Papadimitratos et al., 2009), where a great deal of projects and initiatives have been summarized concerning intelligent transportation systems development at all levels since 2002.
The development of such Vehicular Communication Systems (VC Systems) and related technologies has been the subject of numerous projects around the globe, as well as for standardization working groups and industrial consortia.Authors (Papadimitratos et al., 2009) summarize the large majority of such recent efforts in Table 1, with projects having complementary but often similar objectives and approaches.The table summarizes the objectives of each project, consortium, or initiative, along with its duration and context.
As we can see from this incomplete list of motor transport communication systems, there are a great number of initiatives which are very close as for their objectives and tasks but they don't have a common basis like standards, conceptions, strategies.
We must admit, some attempts are made to come to the European or global unifications and standardization level.In particular, for common ІТSs (Cooperative-ITS) in Europe based on COMeSafety initiative (COMeSafety, 2009) common reference architecture is applied, with direct involvement from the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) TC ITS and the International Organization for Standards (ISO) TC204 WG16 (ITS Communications).
The COMeSafety2 project is an EC-funded Support Action (7th Framework Programme) providing information to the EC about relevant technical and organisational matters related to vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications as the basis for co-operative intelligent road transport systems.The project builds on the results of the COMeSafety Support Action in FP6 (2006FP6 ( -2009)).
The overall goal of COMeSafety is to support realisation and possible deployment of cooperative communication-based active safety systems: it is dedicated to foster wide agreement on technical issues, but also on deployment strategies.
The project will support and coordinate the development of the necessary standards towards the realisation of cooperative systems on European roads, under the ITS standardisation mandate at ETSI and CEN.It will support EU-US international cooperation, exploiting intercontinental synergies of field operational tests.The project will also push the finalisation and implementation of the European ITS Communications Architecture.
The eCoMove 3-year integrated project (April 2010 -January 2014), funded by the European Commission under the 7th Framework Programme of Research and Technological Development followed the previous one.
This project has created an integrated solution for road transport energy efficiency to help drivers, freight and road operators: -save unnecessary kilometres driven (optimised routing); -save fuel (eco-driving support); -manage traffic more efficiently (optimised network management).

Table 1 . Summary information on representative VC projects, consortia, and working groups Project name Project information Period External funding Brief description of objectives
Multidisciplinary research program administered by the UC Berkeley Institute of Transportation Studies and CalTrans; activities in four areas: policy and behavioral, transportation safety, and traffic and transit operations research; http://www.path.berkeley.edu/