Heavy vehicle crashes in Addis Ababa: Relationship between contributing factors and severity of outcomes
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 7 No. 2 (2022)
Keywords:
-
heavy vehicle, crashes, road safety, random parameter logit regression, risk, Ethiopia, Addis Ababa
Abstract
Random parameter logit regression is used to analyze police-reported data on 8,253 heavy vehicle-related crashes in Addis Ababa between July 2014 and June 2017. The analysis shows that fatal crashes are more likely to occur during the day and on weekdays, particularly when the circulation of trucks is high. It also shows the disproportionately high involvement of young drivers in heavy vehicle crashes in the city. However, the likelihood of crashes resulting in fatalities and serious injuries increases slightly compared to those resulting only in property damage as the age of drivers increases. Low levels of drivers' education, the fact that drivers are often not the owners of vehicles, ownership of vehicles by companies and government organizations, and inappropriate road medians' inappropriate design are also significant contributors to fatal crashes. Curbing deaths and injuries from heavy vehicle crashes in Addis Ababa requires strict enforcement of traffic rules and regulations, particularly speed limits; reforms in driver's training and certification; improved safety culture of vehicle owners and design of road infrastructure. Ethiopia's national road safety strategy launched in July 2022 addresses these issues. Hence the government is taking steps in the right direction.
Full text article
Generated from XML file
References
Addis Ababa Police Commission. (2017). Annual road traffic crashes report, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
American FactFinder. (2010). Retrieved from American FactFinder: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
Anbarci, N., Escaleras, M., & Register, C. (2006). Traffic fatalities and public sector corruption. Kyklos, 59(3), 327-344.
Anderson, J. C., & Dong, S. (2017). Heavy-vehicle driver injury severity analysis by time of week: a mixed logit approach using HSIS crash data. Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal, 87(9), 41.
Arun, A., Haque, M. M., Washington, S., Sayed, T., & Mannering, F. (2021). A systematic review of traffic conflict-based safety measures with a focus on application context. Analytic methods in accident research, 32, 100185.
Asare, I. O., & Mensah, A. C. (2020). Crash severity modelling using ordinal logistic regression approach. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 27(4), 412-419.
Asare, I. O., & Mensah, A. C. (2020). Crash severity modelling using ordinal logistic regression approach. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 27(4), 412-419.
Azimi, G., Rahimi, A., Asgari, H., & Jin, X. (2020). Severity analysis for large truck rollover crashes using a random parameter ordered logit model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 135, 105355.
Braeckman, L., Verpraet, R., Van Risseghem, M., Pevernagie, D., & De Bacquer, D. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Belgian truck drivers. Chronobiology international, 28(2), 126-134.
Branson, C. M., & Gross, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of ethical educational leadership. New York, NY: Routledge.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, October 30). Tribal Road Safety: Get the Facts. (NCIPC) Retrieved 2015, from Injury Prevention & Control: Motor Vehicle Safety : http://www.cdc.gov/Motorvehiclesafety/native/factsheet.html
Chen, G. X., Amandus, H. E., & Wu, N. (2014). Occupational fatalities among driver/sales workers and truck drivers in the United States, 2003–2008. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(7), 800-809.
Council of Ministers of Ethiopia. (2017). Council of Ministers Regulation to Amend Road Transport, Traffic Control Regualtion. Addis Ababa . Addis Ababa.
da Silva, F. P. (2014). Mental workload, task demand and driving performance: what relation?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 162, 310-319.Simon Washington, M. G. (2011). Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis. New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
DelhiIntegrated Multi-Modal Transit System. (2018). Urban Freight Transport and Logistic Management Project for the city of Addis Ababa: Data collection and analysis report. Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa.
Elshamly, A. F., Abd El-Hakim, R., & Afify, H. A. (2017). Factors affecting accidents risks among truck drivers in Egypt. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 124, p. 04009). EDP Sciences.
Ethiopian Economic Association. (n.d.). Report on the Ethiopian Economy Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: 2008.
Fain, S. M., Barantovich, M., & Martin, R. (2009). The aims of education in an age of stasis and change. Education for sustainability, I, 11, 31.
Fatality Analysis Reporting System(FARS), (2010-2014). (n.d.). Retrieved from Department of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/People/PeopleOccupants.aspx
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002). National Road Safety Strategy. Second Decade of Action. Ministry of Transport and Logistics. Addis Ababa.
Federal Road Transport Authority. (2014). Driver Training Guideline. Addis Ababa.Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
Federal Transport Authority . (2019). Annual vehicle inspection report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
FHWA. (2008). Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. Retrieved July 2015, from FHWA Safety Program: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/crf/resources/fhwasa08011/
FHWA. (2008). Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. Retrieved July 2012, 2012, from FHWA Safety Program: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/crf/resources/fhwasa08011/
FHWA. (n.d.). Retrieved from Federal Highway Administration: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovativeprograms/centers/local_aid/ttap/
Furr‐Holden, C. D., Voas, R. B., Lacey, J., Romano, E., & Jones, K. (2011). The prevalence of alcohol use disorders among night‐time weekend drivers. Addiction, 106(7), 1251-1260.
Gashu T. (2018). Gashu T., 2018. Ethiopia: Office to Fight Fake Driver's Licenses Digitally. Addis Fortune, https://allafrica.com/stories/201806050685.html. Addis Ababa: Fortune.
Heydari, S., Hickford, A., McIlroy, R., Turner, J., & Bachani, A. M. (2019). Road safety in low-income countries: state of knowledge and future directions. Sustainability, 11(22), 6249.
John Hopkins University. (2019). Observational study on speed. International Injury Research Unit, Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Healt.
Kent, R., Henary, B., & Matsuoka, F. (2005). On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. In Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (Vol. 49, p. 371). Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Khorasani-Zavareh, D., Bigdeli, M., Saadat, S., & Mohammadi, R. (2015). Kinetic energy management in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. Journal of injury and violence research, 7(1), 36.
King, M. (2015). Traffic behaviour and compliance with the law in low and middle income countries: are we observing'pragmatic driving'?. In Proceedings of the 2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC2015) (pp. 1-11). Australasian College of Road Safety (ACRS).
Ksaibati, K., Zhong, C., Evans, B., & Mountain Plains Consortium. (2009). WRRSP: Wyoming rural road safety program (No. FHWA-WY-09/06F). Mountain Plains Consortium.
Magazi, L., & Mohammed, S. (2015). The importance of heavy vehicle driver education in South Africa. Southern African Transport Conference.
Mphekgwana, P. M. (2022). Influence of environmental factors on injury severity using ordered Logit regression model in limpopo province, South Africa. Journal of environmental and public health, 2022.
Musa, M. F., Hassan, S. A., & Mashros, N. (2020). The impact of roadway conditions towards accident severity on federal roads in Malaysia. PLoS one, 15(7), e0235564.
Nantulya, V. M., & Reich, M. R. (2002). The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. Bmj, 324(7346), 1139-1141.
Newnam, S., Blower, D., Molnar, L., Eby, D., & Koppel, S. (2018). Exploring crash characteristics and injury outcomes among older truck drivers: An analysis of truck-involved crash data in the United States. Safety science, 106, 140-145.
Nightingale, E., Parvin, N., Seiberlich, C., Savolainen, P. T., & Pawlovich, M. (2017). Investigation of skew angle and other factors influencing crash frequency at high-speed rural intersections. Transportation Research Record, 2636(1), 9-14.
Pahukula, J., Hernandez, S., & Unnikrishnan, A. (2015). A time of day analysis of crashes involving large trucks in urban areas. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 75, 155-163.
Poindexter, K. (2004). Fatal motor vehicle crashes on Indian reservations 1975-2002 (No. HS-809 727,).
Pradhan, A. K., Li, K., Ehsani, J. P., Ouimet, M. C., Klauer, S. G., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2013, June). Measuring young drivers’ behaviors during complex driving situations. In Driving Assesment Conference (Vol. 7, No. 2013). University of Iowa.
Rezapour, M., & Ksaibati, K. (2018). Application of multinomial and ordinal logistic regression to model injury severity of truck crashes, using violation and crash data. Journal of modern transportation, 26(4), 268-277.
Rifaat, S. M., & Chin, H. C. (2007). Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model. Journal of advanced transportation, 41(1), 91-114.
Schultz, G. G., Thurgood, D. J., Olsen, A. N., & Reese, C. S. (2011). Analyzing raised median safety impacts using Bayesian methods. Transportation Research Record, 2223(1), 96-103.
Senserrick, T., Ivers, R., Boufous, S., Chen, H. Y., Norton, R., Stevenson, M., ... & Zask, A. (2009). Young driver education programs that build resilience have potential to reduce road crashes. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1287-1292.
Shinstine, D. S., & Ksaibati, K. (2013). Indian reservation safety improvement program: A methodology and case study. Transportation research record, 2364(1), 80-89.
Shinstine, D. S., Wulff, S. S., & Ksaibati, K. (2016). Factors associated with crash severity on rural roadways in Wyoming. Journal of traffic and transportation engineering (English edition), 3(4), 308-323.
Statista. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/244983/projected-inflation-rate-in-the-united-states/
Sullivan, J., & Martin, C. (2009). Public Roads. (FHWA) Retrieved 2016, from The Role of TTAPs in Tribal Transportation: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/09novdec/03.cfm
Sun, W., Stoop, E., & Washburn, S. S. (2018). Evaluation of commercial truck parking detection for rest areas. Transportation Research Record, 2672(9), 141-151.
Terrill, T., Ksaibati, K., & Thompson, C. (2016). Fort Peck Reservation Roadway Safety Improvement Program.
The Federal Republic of Ethiopia. (2008). Driver's Qualification Certification License proclamation no. 600/2008: Federal Negarit Gazeta. Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: The Federal Republic of Ethiopia.
Train, K. (2009). Discrete choice methods with simulation. University of California, Berkeley. New York.
Tribal Road Safety : Get the Facts. (2017). Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/native/factsheet.html
Tribal Transportation Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tribalsafety.org/News-Events/Summits
Tulu, G. S., Hadgu, M., & Tarekegn, A. G. (2019). Bicycling in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 4(2), 50-59.
Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., & King, M. (2013). Characteristics of police-reported road traffic crashes in Ethiopia over a six year period. In Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (pp. 1-13). Australasian College of Road Safety (ACRS).
Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., Haque, M. M., & King, M. J. (2017). Injury severity of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 9(sup1), 47-66.
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2022, January 30). Demography of Ethiopia. Retrieved from UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division: https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/ethiopia-demographics.php.
United Nations . (2020). Improving global road safety. A/74/L.86. The United Nation General Assembly . New York.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2018). Road Safety Performance Review, Cameroon. Addis Ababa.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2018). Road Safety Performance Review, Uganda. Addis Ababa.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2020). Road Safety Performance Review, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
Wang, X., & Kockelman, K. M. (2005). Occupant injury severity using a heteroscedastic ordered logit model: distinguishing the effects of vehicle weight and type. Transportation Research Record, 1908, 195-204.
Wang, Y., Luo, Y., & Chen, F. (2019). Interpreting risk factors for truck crash severity on mountainous freeways in Jiangxi and Shaanxi, China. European transport research review, 11, 1-11.
Wilson Mighk, T. A. (2008). Quantifying countermeasure effectiveness. Orlando, FL, PBIC.
Xie, S., Ji, X., Yang, W., Fang, R., & Hao, J. (2020). Exploring risk factors with crash severity on China two-lane rural roads using a random-parameter ordered probit model. Journal of advanced transportation, 2020, 1-14.
Yasmin, S., Eluru, N., Bhat, C. R., & Tay, R. (2014). A latent segmentation based generalized ordered logit model to examine factors influencing driver injury severity. Analytic methods in accident research, 1, 23-38.
Yuan, Q., Xu, X., Zhao, J., & Zeng, Q. (2020). Investigation of injury severity in urban expressway crashes: A case study from Beijing. Plos one, 15(1), e0227869.
American FactFinder. (2010). Retrieved from American FactFinder: https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
Anbarci, N., Escaleras, M., & Register, C. (2006). Traffic fatalities and public sector corruption. Kyklos, 59(3), 327-344.
Anderson, J. C., & Dong, S. (2017). Heavy-vehicle driver injury severity analysis by time of week: a mixed logit approach using HSIS crash data. Institute of Transportation Engineers. ITE Journal, 87(9), 41.
Arun, A., Haque, M. M., Washington, S., Sayed, T., & Mannering, F. (2021). A systematic review of traffic conflict-based safety measures with a focus on application context. Analytic methods in accident research, 32, 100185.
Asare, I. O., & Mensah, A. C. (2020). Crash severity modelling using ordinal logistic regression approach. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 27(4), 412-419.
Asare, I. O., & Mensah, A. C. (2020). Crash severity modelling using ordinal logistic regression approach. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 27(4), 412-419.
Azimi, G., Rahimi, A., Asgari, H., & Jin, X. (2020). Severity analysis for large truck rollover crashes using a random parameter ordered logit model. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 135, 105355.
Braeckman, L., Verpraet, R., Van Risseghem, M., Pevernagie, D., & De Bacquer, D. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in Belgian truck drivers. Chronobiology international, 28(2), 126-134.
Branson, C. M., & Gross, S. J. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of ethical educational leadership. New York, NY: Routledge.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, October 30). Tribal Road Safety: Get the Facts. (NCIPC) Retrieved 2015, from Injury Prevention & Control: Motor Vehicle Safety : http://www.cdc.gov/Motorvehiclesafety/native/factsheet.html
Chen, G. X., Amandus, H. E., & Wu, N. (2014). Occupational fatalities among driver/sales workers and truck drivers in the United States, 2003–2008. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(7), 800-809.
Council of Ministers of Ethiopia. (2017). Council of Ministers Regulation to Amend Road Transport, Traffic Control Regualtion. Addis Ababa . Addis Ababa.
da Silva, F. P. (2014). Mental workload, task demand and driving performance: what relation?. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 162, 310-319.Simon Washington, M. G. (2011). Statistical and Econometric Methods for Transportation Data Analysis. New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
DelhiIntegrated Multi-Modal Transit System. (2018). Urban Freight Transport and Logistic Management Project for the city of Addis Ababa: Data collection and analysis report. Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa.
Elshamly, A. F., Abd El-Hakim, R., & Afify, H. A. (2017). Factors affecting accidents risks among truck drivers in Egypt. In MATEC Web of Conferences (Vol. 124, p. 04009). EDP Sciences.
Ethiopian Economic Association. (n.d.). Report on the Ethiopian Economy Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: 2008.
Fain, S. M., Barantovich, M., & Martin, R. (2009). The aims of education in an age of stasis and change. Education for sustainability, I, 11, 31.
Fatality Analysis Reporting System(FARS), (2010-2014). (n.d.). Retrieved from Department of Transportation,National Highway Traffic Safety Administration: https://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/People/PeopleOccupants.aspx
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2002). National Road Safety Strategy. Second Decade of Action. Ministry of Transport and Logistics. Addis Ababa.
Federal Road Transport Authority. (2014). Driver Training Guideline. Addis Ababa.Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
Federal Transport Authority . (2019). Annual vehicle inspection report. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
FHWA. (2008). Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. Retrieved July 2015, from FHWA Safety Program: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/crf/resources/fhwasa08011/
FHWA. (2008). Desktop Reference for Crash Reduction Factors. Retrieved July 2012, 2012, from FHWA Safety Program: http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/tools/crf/resources/fhwasa08011/
FHWA. (n.d.). Retrieved from Federal Highway Administration: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/innovativeprograms/centers/local_aid/ttap/
Furr‐Holden, C. D., Voas, R. B., Lacey, J., Romano, E., & Jones, K. (2011). The prevalence of alcohol use disorders among night‐time weekend drivers. Addiction, 106(7), 1251-1260.
Gashu T. (2018). Gashu T., 2018. Ethiopia: Office to Fight Fake Driver's Licenses Digitally. Addis Fortune, https://allafrica.com/stories/201806050685.html. Addis Ababa: Fortune.
Heydari, S., Hickford, A., McIlroy, R., Turner, J., & Bachani, A. M. (2019). Road safety in low-income countries: state of knowledge and future directions. Sustainability, 11(22), 6249.
John Hopkins University. (2019). Observational study on speed. International Injury Research Unit, Bloomberg Initiative for Global Road Safety (BIGRS). Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Healt.
Kent, R., Henary, B., & Matsuoka, F. (2005). On the fatal crash experience of older drivers. In Annual Proceedings/Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (Vol. 49, p. 371). Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.
Khorasani-Zavareh, D., Bigdeli, M., Saadat, S., & Mohammadi, R. (2015). Kinetic energy management in road traffic injury prevention: a call for action. Journal of injury and violence research, 7(1), 36.
King, M. (2015). Traffic behaviour and compliance with the law in low and middle income countries: are we observing'pragmatic driving'?. In Proceedings of the 2015 Australasian Road Safety Conference (ARSC2015) (pp. 1-11). Australasian College of Road Safety (ACRS).
Ksaibati, K., Zhong, C., Evans, B., & Mountain Plains Consortium. (2009). WRRSP: Wyoming rural road safety program (No. FHWA-WY-09/06F). Mountain Plains Consortium.
Magazi, L., & Mohammed, S. (2015). The importance of heavy vehicle driver education in South Africa. Southern African Transport Conference.
Mphekgwana, P. M. (2022). Influence of environmental factors on injury severity using ordered Logit regression model in limpopo province, South Africa. Journal of environmental and public health, 2022.
Musa, M. F., Hassan, S. A., & Mashros, N. (2020). The impact of roadway conditions towards accident severity on federal roads in Malaysia. PLoS one, 15(7), e0235564.
Nantulya, V. M., & Reich, M. R. (2002). The neglected epidemic: road traffic injuries in developing countries. Bmj, 324(7346), 1139-1141.
Newnam, S., Blower, D., Molnar, L., Eby, D., & Koppel, S. (2018). Exploring crash characteristics and injury outcomes among older truck drivers: An analysis of truck-involved crash data in the United States. Safety science, 106, 140-145.
Nightingale, E., Parvin, N., Seiberlich, C., Savolainen, P. T., & Pawlovich, M. (2017). Investigation of skew angle and other factors influencing crash frequency at high-speed rural intersections. Transportation Research Record, 2636(1), 9-14.
Pahukula, J., Hernandez, S., & Unnikrishnan, A. (2015). A time of day analysis of crashes involving large trucks in urban areas. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 75, 155-163.
Poindexter, K. (2004). Fatal motor vehicle crashes on Indian reservations 1975-2002 (No. HS-809 727,).
Pradhan, A. K., Li, K., Ehsani, J. P., Ouimet, M. C., Klauer, S. G., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2013, June). Measuring young drivers’ behaviors during complex driving situations. In Driving Assesment Conference (Vol. 7, No. 2013). University of Iowa.
Rezapour, M., & Ksaibati, K. (2018). Application of multinomial and ordinal logistic regression to model injury severity of truck crashes, using violation and crash data. Journal of modern transportation, 26(4), 268-277.
Rifaat, S. M., & Chin, H. C. (2007). Accident severity analysis using ordered probit model. Journal of advanced transportation, 41(1), 91-114.
Schultz, G. G., Thurgood, D. J., Olsen, A. N., & Reese, C. S. (2011). Analyzing raised median safety impacts using Bayesian methods. Transportation Research Record, 2223(1), 96-103.
Senserrick, T., Ivers, R., Boufous, S., Chen, H. Y., Norton, R., Stevenson, M., ... & Zask, A. (2009). Young driver education programs that build resilience have potential to reduce road crashes. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1287-1292.
Shinstine, D. S., & Ksaibati, K. (2013). Indian reservation safety improvement program: A methodology and case study. Transportation research record, 2364(1), 80-89.
Shinstine, D. S., Wulff, S. S., & Ksaibati, K. (2016). Factors associated with crash severity on rural roadways in Wyoming. Journal of traffic and transportation engineering (English edition), 3(4), 308-323.
Statista. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/244983/projected-inflation-rate-in-the-united-states/
Sullivan, J., & Martin, C. (2009). Public Roads. (FHWA) Retrieved 2016, from The Role of TTAPs in Tribal Transportation: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/publicroads/09novdec/03.cfm
Sun, W., Stoop, E., & Washburn, S. S. (2018). Evaluation of commercial truck parking detection for rest areas. Transportation Research Record, 2672(9), 141-151.
Terrill, T., Ksaibati, K., & Thompson, C. (2016). Fort Peck Reservation Roadway Safety Improvement Program.
The Federal Republic of Ethiopia. (2008). Driver's Qualification Certification License proclamation no. 600/2008: Federal Negarit Gazeta. Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa: The Federal Republic of Ethiopia.
Train, K. (2009). Discrete choice methods with simulation. University of California, Berkeley. New York.
Tribal Road Safety : Get the Facts. (2017). Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/motorvehiclesafety/native/factsheet.html
Tribal Transportation Safety. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tribalsafety.org/News-Events/Summits
Tulu, G. S., Hadgu, M., & Tarekegn, A. G. (2019). Bicycling in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 4(2), 50-59.
Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., & King, M. (2013). Characteristics of police-reported road traffic crashes in Ethiopia over a six year period. In Proceedings of the 2013 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference (pp. 1-13). Australasian College of Road Safety (ACRS).
Tulu, G. S., Washington, S., Haque, M. M., & King, M. J. (2017). Injury severity of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal of Transportation Safety & Security, 9(sup1), 47-66.
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2022, January 30). Demography of Ethiopia. Retrieved from UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division: https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/ethiopia-demographics.php.
United Nations . (2020). Improving global road safety. A/74/L.86. The United Nation General Assembly . New York.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2018). Road Safety Performance Review, Cameroon. Addis Ababa.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2018). Road Safety Performance Review, Uganda. Addis Ababa.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and Economic Commission for Europe. (2020). Road Safety Performance Review, Ethiopia. Addis Ababa.
Wang, X., & Kockelman, K. M. (2005). Occupant injury severity using a heteroscedastic ordered logit model: distinguishing the effects of vehicle weight and type. Transportation Research Record, 1908, 195-204.
Wang, Y., Luo, Y., & Chen, F. (2019). Interpreting risk factors for truck crash severity on mountainous freeways in Jiangxi and Shaanxi, China. European transport research review, 11, 1-11.
Wilson Mighk, T. A. (2008). Quantifying countermeasure effectiveness. Orlando, FL, PBIC.
Xie, S., Ji, X., Yang, W., Fang, R., & Hao, J. (2020). Exploring risk factors with crash severity on China two-lane rural roads using a random-parameter ordered probit model. Journal of advanced transportation, 2020, 1-14.
Yasmin, S., Eluru, N., Bhat, C. R., & Tay, R. (2014). A latent segmentation based generalized ordered logit model to examine factors influencing driver injury severity. Analytic methods in accident research, 1, 23-38.
Yuan, Q., Xu, X., Zhao, J., & Zeng, Q. (2020). Investigation of injury severity in urban expressway crashes: A case study from Beijing. Plos one, 15(1), e0227869.
Authors
Tulu, G. S., Lisinge, R. T., & Wedajo, B. T. (2022). Heavy vehicle crashes in Addis Ababa: Relationship between contributing factors and severity of outcomes. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 7(2), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2022.7-2.2
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Article Details
