Psychosocial risk and work decisions of transport workers: A study
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Issue
Vol. 8 No. 2 (2023)
Keywords:
-
transport workers, psychosocial risk, job satisfaction, sustainable work
Abstract
Purpose: The main objective of the research was to identify the structure and level of psychosocial risk experienced by transport workers and the relation between occupational stress and the decision to leave the job. Methodology: The research on psychosocial risks at work and their impact on job-related decisions was conducted with the Psychosocial Risk Scale (SRP), a scientifically verified diagnostic tool characterized by high reliability and accuracy of coefficients. The scale consists of four parts, A, B, C, and D. Part A concerns demographic data (such as age, gender, seniority, position, etc.). Part B contains questions related to health and professional functioning. Part C consists of 50 statements related to characteristics of work that pose potential psychosocial risks. Annex D-SRP for the transport sector contains 12 questions (α-Cronbach factor = 0.80). Psychometric properties of parts B and C of the Psychosocial Risk Scale were determined on the basis of the survey results. Results: The psychosocial risk categories considered were workload, job content, work schedule, control, environment and equipment, organizational culture and function, interpersonal relationships, career development, and work-life interface. The mediating effect of job satisfaction was also considered to provide a holistic perception of the analyzed problem. Job satisfaction was analyzed in job content, work conditions and organization, financial conditions, career development, and interpersonal relations with superiors and co-workers. Based on research results, authors identified and characterized the impact of psychosocial risk on transport workers' job-related decisions. Theoretical contribution: The research links social sciences, psychology, and management studies exploring the links between occupational stress and HR management implications, filling in a research gap between occupational stress and logistics management and creating new gaps and research questions as conclusions from research open following research fields and opportunities in the context of research on sustainable development of enterprises. It adds a new perspective to transport management, proving that risk resulting from job characteristics and organization can compromise the availability of workers and the quality of processes performed. Practical implications: The research results can be used by HR managers and workload planners to minimize the occupational stress experienced and improve the well-being and performance of transport workers.
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References
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Breaugh, J. (2021). Too stressed to be engaged? The role of basic needs satisfaction in understanding work stress and public sector engagement. Public Personnel Management, 50(1), 84-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020912516
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De Croon, E. M., Blonk, R. W., De Zwart, B. C., Frings-Dresen, M. H., & Broersen, J. P. (2002). Job stress, fatigue, and job dissatisfaction in Dutch lorry drivers: towards an occupation specific model of job demands and control. Occupational and environmental medicine, 59(6), 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.6.356
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Folkard, S. & Tucker, P. (2003). Shift work, safety, and productivity. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg047
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Hakkola, M., Honkasalo, M. L., & Pulkkinen, P. (1997). Changes in neuropsychological symptoms and moods among tanker drivers exposed to gasoline during a work week. Occupational medicine, 47(6), 344-348. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/47.6.344
Hamelin, P. (2001). Professional drivers' working time as a factor of flexibility and competitiveness in road haulage. TUTB Newsletter, 15, 16. http://hesa.etuirehs.org/uk/newsletter/files/Newsletter-15.pdf
Hannerz, H., & Tüchsen, F. (2001). Hospital admissions among male drivers in Denmark. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(4), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.4.253
Harrington, J. M. (2001). Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work. Occupational and Environmental medicine, 58(1), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.1.68
Hedberg, G. E. (1985). Physical strain in Swedish lorry drivers engaged in the distribution of goods. Journal of human ergology, 14(1), 33-40.
ILO. (2019). Guidelines on the promotion of decent work and road safety in the transport sector. Meeting of Experts to Adopt Guidelines on the Promotion of Decent Work and Road Safety in the Transport Sector, Geneva, 23–27 September 2019, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_716127.pdf
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Kanazawa, H., Suzuki, M., Onoda, T., & Yokozawa, N. (2006). Excess workload and sleep-related symptoms among commercial long-haul truck drivers. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 4, 121-128. https://doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00218.x
Krause, N., Ragland, D. R., Greiner, B. A., Fisher, J. M., Holman, B. L., & Selvin, S. (1997). Physical workload and ergonomic factors associated with prevalence of back and neck pain in urban transit operators. Spine, 22(18), 2117-2126. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00010
Manigandan, P., Alam, M. S., Alagirisamy, K., Pachiyappan, D., Murshed, M., & Mahmood, H. (2023). Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals through technological innovation: Juxtaposing the economic and environmental effects of financial development and energy use. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 8239-8256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22692-8
Mościcka-Teske, A., Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J., Najder, A., & Butlewski, M. (2019). The relationship between psychosocial risks and occupational functioning among miners. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01162
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J. F., & David, S. (2008). Importance of psychosocial work factors on general health outcomes in the national French SUMER survey. Occupational Medicine, 58(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm115
OECD. (2011). Moving Freight with Better Trucks: Improving Safety, Productivity and Sustainability, 2011, pp. 169–203. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/freightbettertrucksfullreport.pdf
Orris, P., Hartman, D. E., Strauss, P., Anderson, R. J., Collins, J., Knopp, C., ... & Melius, J. (1997). Stress among package truck drivers. American journal of industrial medicine, 31(2), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199702)31:2<202::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-5
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Raggatt, P. T., & Morrissey, S. A. (1997). A field study of stress and fatigue in long-distance bus drivers. Behavioral medicine, 23(3), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289709596368
Rodriguez, D. A., Rocha, M., Khattak, A. J., & Belzer, M. H. (2003). Effects of truck driver wages and working conditions on highway safety: Case study. Transportation research record, 1833(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.3141/1833-13
Rodriguez, D. A., Targa, F., & Belzer, M. H. (2006). Pay incentives and truck driver safety: a case study. ILR Review, 59(2), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390605900202
Rossignol, M., Leclerc, A., Hilliquin, P., Allaert, F. A., Rozenberg, S., Valat, J. P., ... & Fautrel, B. (2003). Primary osteoarthritis and occupations: a national cross sectional survey of 10 412 symptomatic patients. Occupational and environmental medicine, 60(11), 882-886. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.11.882
Rugulies, R., Bültmann, U., Aust, B., & Burr, H. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: prospective findings from a 5-year follow-up of the Danish work environment cohort study. American journal of epidemiology, 163(10), 877-887. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj119
Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J. (2016). Assessment of safety and health of storage workers-a psychosocial approach. Logforum, 12(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2016.1.3
Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J., & Mościcka-Teske, A. (2016). Relations between stress potential of work features and occupational commitment of transport workers-in the context of optimization of logistics strategy of a company. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(12), 1761-1766.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.837
Saltzman, G. M., & Belzer, M. H. (2007). Truck driver occupational safety and health; 2003 conference report and selective literature review. NIOSH—Publications Dissemination: Cincinnati, OH.
Sluiter, J. K., Van Der Beek, A. J., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (1998). Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers. Occupational and environmental medicine, 55(6), 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.6.407
Spielberger, C. D., Vagg, P. R., & Wasala, C. F. (2003). Occupational stress: Job pressures and lack of support. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (p. 185–200). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-009
The European Transport Workers' Federation (2020). Social dumping: CSC Transcom brings Jost Group to justice. https://www.etf-europe.org/social-dumping-csc-transcom-brings-jost-group-to-justice/
Tucker, J. S., Sinclair, R. R., Mohr, C. D., Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Salvi, A. D. (2009). Stress and counterproductive work behavior: Multiple relationships between demands, control, and soldier indiscipline over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014951
U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2004. Available online October 27, 2006 at http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfnr0011.pdf.
van der Beek, A. J., Frings-Dresen, M. H., van Dijk, F. J., Kemper, H. C., & Meijman, T. F. (1993). Loading and unloading by lorry drivers and musculoskeletal complaints. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 12(1-2), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(93)90034-B
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314-334. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1661
WHO, PRIMA-EF. (2008). Guidance on the European framework for psychosocial risk management. A resource for employers and worker representatives. Institute of Work, Health & Organisations, University of Nottingham.
WHO. (2018). Road traffic injuries: Key facts, 7 December 2018. https://www.who.int/roadsafety/decade_of_action/plan/global_plan_decade.pdf
Apostolopoulos, Y., Peachey, A. A., & Sönmez, S. (2011). The psychosocial environment of commercial driving: Morbidities, hazards, and productivity of truck and bus drivers. Handbook of Stress in the Occupations, 431. https://doi.org/10.4337/9780857931153.00054
Aronson, K. J., Howe, G. R., Carpenter, M., & Fair, M. E. (1999). Surveillance of potential associations between occupations and causes of death in Canada, 1965-91. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56(4), 265-269. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.56.4.265
Babin, B. J., & Boles, J. S. (1996). The effects of perceived co-worker involvement and supervisor support on service provider role stress, performance and job satisfaction. Journal of retailing, 72(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4359(96)90005-6
Bamber, M. (2006). A cognitive behavioural model of occupational stress. In CBT for Occupational Stress in Health Professionals (pp. 33-42). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203966037-13
Belzer, M. H., Rodriguez, D., & Sedo, S. A. (2002). Paying for safety: An economic analysis of the effect of compensation on truck driver safety. University of Michigan.
BLS (2019). National census of fatal occupational injuries in 2018, News Release, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf
Breaugh, J. (2021). Too stressed to be engaged? The role of basic needs satisfaction in understanding work stress and public sector engagement. Public Personnel Management, 50(1), 84-108. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026020912516
Chen, M. J., & Cunradi, C. (2008). Job stress, burnout and substance use among urban transit operators: The potential mediating role of coping behaviour. Work & Stress, 22(4), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802573992
Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Leka, S. (2005). Work Organization and Work‐Related Stress. Occupational hygiene, 421-432. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470755075.ch28
Cox, T., Griffiths, A., & Rial-González, E. (2000). research on work--related stress. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, Luxembourg.
Dahler-Larsen, P., Sundby, A., & Boodhoo, A. (2020). Can occupational health and safety management systems address psychosocial risk factors? An empirical study. Safety Science, 130, 104878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104878
De Croon, E. M., Blonk, R. W., De Zwart, B. C., Frings-Dresen, M. H., & Broersen, J. P. (2002). Job stress, fatigue, and job dissatisfaction in Dutch lorry drivers: towards an occupation specific model of job demands and control. Occupational and environmental medicine, 59(6), 356-361. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.59.6.356
Dinges, D. F., Pack, F., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., ... & Pack, A. I. (1997). Cumulative sleepiness, mood disturbance, and psychomotor vigilance performance decrements during a week of sleep restricted to 4–5 hours per night. Sleep, 20(4), 267-277.
Drahokoupil, J., & Piasna, A. (2017). What drives wage gaps in Europe?. ETUI aisbl: Brussels. https://www.etui.org/sites/default/files/17%20WP%202107%2004%20What%20drives%20wage%20gaps%20in%20Europe%20Web%20version.pdf
ESENER. (2012). European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks. Access: https://osha.europa.eu/pl/esener-enterprise-survey/enterprise-survey-esener
EU-OSHA. (2007). Expert forecast on emerging psychosocial risks related to occupational safety and health. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
EU-OSHA. (2012). Review of workplace innovation and its relation with occupational safety and health. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
EUROFOUND. (2021). Working conditions and sustainable work: An analysis using the job quality framework. Report. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Folkard, S. & Tucker, P. (2003). Shift work, safety, and productivity. Occupational Medicine, 53(2), 95-101. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqg047
Glazer, S., & Beehr, T. A. (2005). Consistency of implications of three role stressors across four countries. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 26(5), 467-487. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.326
Hakkola, M., Honkasalo, M. L., & Pulkkinen, P. (1997). Changes in neuropsychological symptoms and moods among tanker drivers exposed to gasoline during a work week. Occupational medicine, 47(6), 344-348. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/47.6.344
Hamelin, P. (2001). Professional drivers' working time as a factor of flexibility and competitiveness in road haulage. TUTB Newsletter, 15, 16. http://hesa.etuirehs.org/uk/newsletter/files/Newsletter-15.pdf
Hannerz, H., & Tüchsen, F. (2001). Hospital admissions among male drivers in Denmark. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(4), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.4.253
Harrington, J. M. (2001). Health effects of shift work and extended hours of work. Occupational and Environmental medicine, 58(1), 68-72. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.58.1.68
Hedberg, G. E. (1985). Physical strain in Swedish lorry drivers engaged in the distribution of goods. Journal of human ergology, 14(1), 33-40.
ILO. (2019). Guidelines on the promotion of decent work and road safety in the transport sector. Meeting of Experts to Adopt Guidelines on the Promotion of Decent Work and Road Safety in the Transport Sector, Geneva, 23–27 September 2019, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_716127.pdf
Janis, I. L., & Mann, L. (1977). Decision making: A psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment. Free press.
Jones G. t., The Influence that Life Stress and Occupational Stress Have on Decision-Making Styles. Alliant International University, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2020 (Dissertation), available: https://search.proquest.com/openview/8c4fd3597cd52be3b8791163af24944c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
Kanazawa, H., Suzuki, M., Onoda, T., & Yokozawa, N. (2006). Excess workload and sleep-related symptoms among commercial long-haul truck drivers. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 4, 121-128. https://doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00218.x
Krause, N., Ragland, D. R., Greiner, B. A., Fisher, J. M., Holman, B. L., & Selvin, S. (1997). Physical workload and ergonomic factors associated with prevalence of back and neck pain in urban transit operators. Spine, 22(18), 2117-2126. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199709150-00010
Manigandan, P., Alam, M. S., Alagirisamy, K., Pachiyappan, D., Murshed, M., & Mahmood, H. (2023). Realizing the Sustainable Development Goals through technological innovation: Juxtaposing the economic and environmental effects of financial development and energy use. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 8239-8256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22692-8
Mościcka-Teske, A., Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J., Najder, A., & Butlewski, M. (2019). The relationship between psychosocial risks and occupational functioning among miners. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.01162
Niedhammer, I., Chastang, J. F., & David, S. (2008). Importance of psychosocial work factors on general health outcomes in the national French SUMER survey. Occupational Medicine, 58(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm115
OECD. (2011). Moving Freight with Better Trucks: Improving Safety, Productivity and Sustainability, 2011, pp. 169–203. https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/freightbettertrucksfullreport.pdf
Orris, P., Hartman, D. E., Strauss, P., Anderson, R. J., Collins, J., Knopp, C., ... & Melius, J. (1997). Stress among package truck drivers. American journal of industrial medicine, 31(2), 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199702)31:2<202::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-5
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior research methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
Raggatt, P. T., & Morrissey, S. A. (1997). A field study of stress and fatigue in long-distance bus drivers. Behavioral medicine, 23(3), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289709596368
Rodriguez, D. A., Rocha, M., Khattak, A. J., & Belzer, M. H. (2003). Effects of truck driver wages and working conditions on highway safety: Case study. Transportation research record, 1833(1), 95-102. https://doi.org/10.3141/1833-13
Rodriguez, D. A., Targa, F., & Belzer, M. H. (2006). Pay incentives and truck driver safety: a case study. ILR Review, 59(2), 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979390605900202
Rossignol, M., Leclerc, A., Hilliquin, P., Allaert, F. A., Rozenberg, S., Valat, J. P., ... & Fautrel, B. (2003). Primary osteoarthritis and occupations: a national cross sectional survey of 10 412 symptomatic patients. Occupational and environmental medicine, 60(11), 882-886. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.11.882
Rugulies, R., Bültmann, U., Aust, B., & Burr, H. (2006). Psychosocial work environment and incidence of severe depressive symptoms: prospective findings from a 5-year follow-up of the Danish work environment cohort study. American journal of epidemiology, 163(10), 877-887. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj119
Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J. (2016). Assessment of safety and health of storage workers-a psychosocial approach. Logforum, 12(1), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.17270/J.LOG.2016.1.3
Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J., & Mościcka-Teske, A. (2016). Relations between stress potential of work features and occupational commitment of transport workers-in the context of optimization of logistics strategy of a company. IFAC-PapersOnLine, 49(12), 1761-1766.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2016.07.837
Saltzman, G. M., & Belzer, M. H. (2007). Truck driver occupational safety and health; 2003 conference report and selective literature review. NIOSH—Publications Dissemination: Cincinnati, OH.
Sluiter, J. K., Van Der Beek, A. J., & Frings-Dresen, M. H. (1998). Work stress and recovery measured by urinary catecholamines and cortisol excretion in long distance coach drivers. Occupational and environmental medicine, 55(6), 407-413. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.55.6.407
Spielberger, C. D., Vagg, P. R., & Wasala, C. F. (2003). Occupational stress: Job pressures and lack of support. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (p. 185–200). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10474-009
The European Transport Workers' Federation (2020). Social dumping: CSC Transcom brings Jost Group to justice. https://www.etf-europe.org/social-dumping-csc-transcom-brings-jost-group-to-justice/
Tucker, J. S., Sinclair, R. R., Mohr, C. D., Adler, A. B., Thomas, J. L., & Salvi, A. D. (2009). Stress and counterproductive work behavior: Multiple relationships between demands, control, and soldier indiscipline over time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014951
U.S. Department of Labor: Bureau of Labor Statistics. National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in 2004. Available online October 27, 2006 at http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/cfoi/cfnr0011.pdf.
van der Beek, A. J., Frings-Dresen, M. H., van Dijk, F. J., Kemper, H. C., & Meijman, T. F. (1993). Loading and unloading by lorry drivers and musculoskeletal complaints. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 12(1-2), 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(93)90034-B
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I., & Fisher, J. (1999). The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 314-334. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1661
WHO, PRIMA-EF. (2008). Guidance on the European framework for psychosocial risk management. A resource for employers and worker representatives. Institute of Work, Health & Organisations, University of Nottingham.
WHO. (2018). Road traffic injuries: Key facts, 7 December 2018. https://www.who.int/roadsafety/decade_of_action/plan/global_plan_decade.pdf
Authors
Mościcka-Teske, A., Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, J., Gajsek, B., & Stachowiak, A. (2023). Psychosocial risk and work decisions of transport workers: A study. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 8(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2023.8-2.8
Copyright (c) 2023 Agnieszka Stachowiak, Joanna Sadłowska-Wrzesińska, Agnieszka Mościcka-Teske, Brigita Gajsek
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