The effect of economic policies on urban transport patterns: A review of motorcycle usage for urban mobility in Nigeria
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Vol. 9 No. 2 (2024)
Keywords:
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motorcycle transport, urban mobility, road safety, emissions, sustainable transport, electric motorcycles
Abstract
Purpose: This review examines the effects of Nigeria's economic policies, particularly the removal of fuel subsidies, on urban transport patterns, focusing on the increased use of motorcycles for daily commuting. Methodology: A comprehensive literature review was conducted, analyzing studies on motorcycle usage in urban areas of Nigeria and other developing countries and the impact of economic policies on transportation choices. Results: The study finds that removing fuel subsidies has significantly increased motorcycle usage in Nigerian cities, particularly among low-income earners. This shift has resulted in changes to traffic flow, increased road safety concerns, and environmental challenges due to motorcycle emissions. Theoretical contribution: The paper contributes to the understanding of how economic policies can rapidly transform urban mobility patterns in developing countries, highlighting the complex interplay between affordability, safety, and environmental sustainability in transportation choices. Practical implications: The review identifies several policy interventions, including enforcing safety regulations, creating dedicated motorcycle lanes, and improving traffic management systems. It also emphasizes the need for holistic transport policies that balance economic realities with safety and sustainability concerns.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 3: Good Health and Well-being; SDG 9: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure; SDG 13: Climate Action; SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth
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References
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Ayeni, T. S., & Iyeke, S. (2024). Evaluation of capacity and level of service for urban arterial road under mixed traffic conditions-a case study of oba Adesida road Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(2), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.6412.2024
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Eccarius, T., & Lu, C. C. (2020). Powered two-wheelers for sustainable mobility: A review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(3), 215-231. http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013
El-Agroudy, M., Abou-Senna, H., & Radwan, E. (2022). Mobility-as-a-Service: Simulation of multi-modal operations in low-density cities. Transportation Research Record, 2676(2), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211039843
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Gao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2022). Characteristics, Impacts and trends of urban transportation. Encyclopedia, 2(2), 1168-1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020078
Gujba, H., Mulugetta, Y., & Azapagic, A. (2013). Passenger transport in Nigeria: Environmental and economic analysis with policy recommendations. Energy Policy, 55, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020078
Guo, Y., Wang, J., Peeta, S., & Anastasopoulos, P. C. (2020). Personal and societal impacts of motorcycle ban policy on motorcyclists’ home-to-work morning commute in China. Travel behaviour and society, 19, 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.01.002
Hagen, J. X., Pardo, C., & Valente, J. B. (2016). Motivations for motorcycle use for Urban travel in Latin America: A qualitative study. Transport Policy, 49, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.04.010
Huu, D. N., & Ngoc, V. N. (2021). Analysis study of current transportation status in Vietnam’s urban traffic and the transition to electric two-wheelers mobility. Sustainability, 13(10), 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105577
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Karema, F. M., Irandu, E. M., & Moronge, J. M. (2017). The role of commercial motorcycles in alleviating poverty in rural areas: a case study of Laikipia East Sub-County, Kenya. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 6(2), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2017.082733
Kumar, A. (2011). Understanding the emerging role of motorcycles in African cities: a political economy perspective. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank.
Law, T. H., Ng, C. P., Poi, A. W. H., Guo, B., & Hu, Q. (2023). Motorcycle-to-car ownership at different urbanization levels: road mobility, accessibility, and income inequality. Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 122, 103879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103879
Lindsay, G., Macmillan, A., & Woodward, A. (2011). Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 35(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x
Makama, F. F. (2018). Exploring Spatial Patterns and Trends of Vehicular Accidents in Abuja, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente).
Mittal, P., & Bansal, R. (2024). Sustainable Transportation Solutions: Student Perspectives and Contributions. In Community Engagement for Sustainable Practices in Higher Education: From Awareness to Action (pp. 193-209). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x
Motta, R. A., Da Silva, P. C. M., & SANTOS, M. P. D. S. (2013). Crisis of public transport by bus in developing countries: a case study from Brazil. International journal of sustainable development and planning, 8(3), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V8-N3-348-361
Nadillah, R. S., Rifai, A. I., & Handayani, S. (2022). The efficiency analysis of motorcycle versus public transportation: a case of Cipinang-Tebet area route. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(1), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i1.380
Nasong’o, W. M. (2015). Motorcycle public transport services in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Nigeria Labour Force Survey Q2 2023. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241429
National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Road Transport Data (Q3 & Q4 2021). https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241145
Ng, C., & Yi, S. (2016). Rethinking Sustainable Mobility: Understanding the use of boda-boda motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda. IIIEE Masters Thesis.
Nguyen, D. V. M., Vu, A. T., Polders, E., Ross, V., Brijs, T., Wets, G., & Brijs, K. (2021). Modeling the injury severity of small-displacement motorcycle crashes in Hanoi City, Vietnam. Safety science, 142, 105371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105371
Nguyen, T. C. V. (2020). Strategies for integrated transport and urban development in Asian developing countries. Masters Thesis. Herausgeber: Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Noah, A. (2024). Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Nigeria's Supply Chain: A Case Study Analysis, International Journal of Studies in Business Management, Economics and Strategies, 3(4), 125-143.
Ogunkan, D. V., & Eyitayo, O. O. (2022). Pattern and characteristics of traffic congestion in Nigerian metropolitan centres: An example of Abeokuta Metropolis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2236559/v1
Ogunmodede, T. A., & Emeahara, E. N. (2016). Influence of demographic variables on the use of road safety information by commercial motorcycle riders in Nigeria. In The African Symposium (TAS) (Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 44-51).
Ogunrinola, I. O. (2011). Informal self-employment and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from motorcycle taxi riders in Nigeria. International journal of economics and finance, 3(2), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v3n2p176
Ogwuche, D. D., Adejor, G. A., Dabish, N. D., Garba, R. I., & Dole, F. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A VECM Approach. Lapai Journal of Economics, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4314/lje.v8i1.1
Owino, F., Peters, K., Jenkins, J., Opiyo, P., Chetto, R., Ntramah, S., ... & Hayombe, P. (2024). The urban motorcycle taxi sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: needs, practices and equity issues. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 12(1), 2354400. https://doi.org/10.4314/lje.v8i1.1
Paul, E. (2020, December 22). The state of Nigeria’s automotive industry and its far-reaching effects. Techpoint Africa. https://techpoint.africa/2020/12/22/nigerias-automotive-industry/
Quang, T. N., Hue, N. T., Tran, L. K., Phi, T. H., Morawska, L., & Thai, P. K. (2021). Motorcyclists have much higher exposure to black carbon compared to other commuters in traffic of Hanoi, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 245, 118029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118029
Reuters. (2024, November 15). Nigeria inflation rises for second month, spurred by food. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-inflation-rises-second-month-october-2024-11-15/
Sabir, S., & Anjum, G. A. (2017). Problems and prospects of curbside parking in Lahore: Policyimplications for effective management. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 36(4), 867-880. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Saini, H. K., Chouhan, S. S., & Kathuria, A. (2022). Exclusive motorcycle lanes: A systematic review. IATSS research, 46(3), 411-426. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Sopranzetti, C. (2018). Owners of the map: Motorcycle taxi drivers, mobility, and politics in Bangkok. Univ of California Press. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Toriola, A. (2023, September 4). History of fuel price increase in Nigeria from 1973 to 2024.
Toro López, M., & Van den Broeck, P. (2023). Informal transportation systems in the region of Urabá in Colombia through the lens of everyday forms of resistance. Mobilities, 18(3), 468-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2022.2109984
Uzondu, C., Jamson, S., & Marsden, G. (2022). Road safety in Nigeria: unravelling the challenges, measures, and strategies for improvement. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 29(4), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2022.2087230
Yakatun, M. M. (2023). Analysis of livelihood impact of commercial motorcycle riders in Bida, Niger State (Doctoral dissertation).
Yousif, M. T., Sadullah, A. F. M., & Kassim, K. A. A. (2020). A review of behavioural issues contribution to motorcycle safety. IATSS research, 44(2), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.12.001
Afolabi, O. J., & Akibo, K. O. (2020). Urban challenges and informal public transport services in Nigeria. Revista de Management Comparat International, 21(3), 319-331.
Amarachi, N., Emeka, O., Christopher, A., Lovell, A., & Conrad, E. (2016). Emissions of gasoline combustion by products in automotive exhausts. Int J Sci Res Publ, 6(4), 464-2250.
Araujo, M., Illanes, E., Chapman, E., & Rodrigues, E. (2017). Effectiveness of interventions to prevent motorcycle injuries: Systematic review of the literature. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 24(3), 406-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2016.1224901
Arosanyin, G. T., Olowosulu, A. T., & Oyeyemi, G. M. (2013). An examination of some safety issues among commercial motorcyclists in Nigeria: a case study. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 20(2), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2012.686040
Ayeni, T. S., & Iyeke, S. (2024). Evaluation of capacity and level of service for urban arterial road under mixed traffic conditions-a case study of oba Adesida road Akure, Nigeria. Journal of Civil Engineering, 15(2), 152-165. https://doi.org/10.33736/jcest.6412.2024
Basri, M. C. (2013). A tale of two crises: Indonesia’s political economy. Working Paper;57. https://doi.org/10.18884/00000660
BlackGeeks Nigeria. https://blackgeeks.com.ng/history-of-fuel-price-increase-in-nigeria/
Chin, H. (2013). Sustainable urban mobility in south-eastern Asia and the Pacific. Global Report on Human Settlements. Regional Study Prepared for Global Report on Human Settlements. http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013
Eccarius, T., & Lu, C. C. (2020). Powered two-wheelers for sustainable mobility: A review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 14(3), 215-231. http://www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2013
El-Agroudy, M., Abou-Senna, H., & Radwan, E. (2022). Mobility-as-a-Service: Simulation of multi-modal operations in low-density cities. Transportation Research Record, 2676(2), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981211039843
Ezeme, C., Oladeji, E. O., Baiyewu, L. A., Okunola, M. O., & Ogunlade, S. O. (2023). Motorcycle road traffic injuries in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria: a reflection of the trauma care crisis. Cureus, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.51141
Gao, Y., & Zhu, J. (2022). Characteristics, Impacts and trends of urban transportation. Encyclopedia, 2(2), 1168-1182. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020078
Gujba, H., Mulugetta, Y., & Azapagic, A. (2013). Passenger transport in Nigeria: Environmental and economic analysis with policy recommendations. Energy Policy, 55, 353-361. https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia2020078
Guo, Y., Wang, J., Peeta, S., & Anastasopoulos, P. C. (2020). Personal and societal impacts of motorcycle ban policy on motorcyclists’ home-to-work morning commute in China. Travel behaviour and society, 19, 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2020.01.002
Hagen, J. X., Pardo, C., & Valente, J. B. (2016). Motivations for motorcycle use for Urban travel in Latin America: A qualitative study. Transport Policy, 49, 93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2016.04.010
Huu, D. N., & Ngoc, V. N. (2021). Analysis study of current transportation status in Vietnam’s urban traffic and the transition to electric two-wheelers mobility. Sustainability, 13(10), 5577. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13105577
Jesuola, G. D. (2024). Impact of the Nigerian Government's Fuel Subsidy Removal: Data Analysis and Suggestions (Master's thesis, Texas A&M University-Kingsville).
Karema, F. M., Irandu, E. M., & Moronge, J. M. (2017). The role of commercial motorcycles in alleviating poverty in rural areas: a case study of Laikipia East Sub-County, Kenya. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 6(2), 155-176. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2017.082733
Kumar, A. (2011). Understanding the emerging role of motorcycles in African cities: a political economy perspective. Sub-Saharan Africa Transport Policy Program. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: The World Bank.
Law, T. H., Ng, C. P., Poi, A. W. H., Guo, B., & Hu, Q. (2023). Motorcycle-to-car ownership at different urbanization levels: road mobility, accessibility, and income inequality. Transportation research part D: transport and environment, 122, 103879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2023.103879
Lindsay, G., Macmillan, A., & Woodward, A. (2011). Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions. Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 35(1), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x
Makama, F. F. (2018). Exploring Spatial Patterns and Trends of Vehicular Accidents in Abuja, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente).
Mittal, P., & Bansal, R. (2024). Sustainable Transportation Solutions: Student Perspectives and Contributions. In Community Engagement for Sustainable Practices in Higher Education: From Awareness to Action (pp. 193-209). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x
Motta, R. A., Da Silva, P. C. M., & SANTOS, M. P. D. S. (2013). Crisis of public transport by bus in developing countries: a case study from Brazil. International journal of sustainable development and planning, 8(3), 348-361. https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V8-N3-348-361
Nadillah, R. S., Rifai, A. I., & Handayani, S. (2022). The efficiency analysis of motorcycle versus public transportation: a case of Cipinang-Tebet area route. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 1(1), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v1i1.380
Nasong’o, W. M. (2015). Motorcycle public transport services in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Nigeria Labour Force Survey Q2 2023. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241429
National Bureau of Statistics. (2024). Road Transport Data (Q3 & Q4 2021). https://nigerianstat.gov.ng/elibrary/read/1241145
Ng, C., & Yi, S. (2016). Rethinking Sustainable Mobility: Understanding the use of boda-boda motorcycle taxis in Kampala, Uganda. IIIEE Masters Thesis.
Nguyen, D. V. M., Vu, A. T., Polders, E., Ross, V., Brijs, T., Wets, G., & Brijs, K. (2021). Modeling the injury severity of small-displacement motorcycle crashes in Hanoi City, Vietnam. Safety science, 142, 105371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105371
Nguyen, T. C. V. (2020). Strategies for integrated transport and urban development in Asian developing countries. Masters Thesis. Herausgeber: Technische Universität Darmstadt.
Noah, A. (2024). Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Nigeria's Supply Chain: A Case Study Analysis, International Journal of Studies in Business Management, Economics and Strategies, 3(4), 125-143.
Ogunkan, D. V., & Eyitayo, O. O. (2022). Pattern and characteristics of traffic congestion in Nigerian metropolitan centres: An example of Abeokuta Metropolis. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2236559/v1
Ogunmodede, T. A., & Emeahara, E. N. (2016). Influence of demographic variables on the use of road safety information by commercial motorcycle riders in Nigeria. In The African Symposium (TAS) (Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 44-51).
Ogunrinola, I. O. (2011). Informal self-employment and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from motorcycle taxi riders in Nigeria. International journal of economics and finance, 3(2), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v3n2p176
Ogwuche, D. D., Adejor, G. A., Dabish, N. D., Garba, R. I., & Dole, F. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Fuel Subsidy Removal on Economic Growth in Nigeria: A VECM Approach. Lapai Journal of Economics, 8(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.4314/lje.v8i1.1
Owino, F., Peters, K., Jenkins, J., Opiyo, P., Chetto, R., Ntramah, S., ... & Hayombe, P. (2024). The urban motorcycle taxi sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: needs, practices and equity issues. Urban, Planning and Transport Research, 12(1), 2354400. https://doi.org/10.4314/lje.v8i1.1
Paul, E. (2020, December 22). The state of Nigeria’s automotive industry and its far-reaching effects. Techpoint Africa. https://techpoint.africa/2020/12/22/nigerias-automotive-industry/
Quang, T. N., Hue, N. T., Tran, L. K., Phi, T. H., Morawska, L., & Thai, P. K. (2021). Motorcyclists have much higher exposure to black carbon compared to other commuters in traffic of Hanoi, Vietnam. Atmospheric Environment, 245, 118029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118029
Reuters. (2024, November 15). Nigeria inflation rises for second month, spurred by food. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigeria-inflation-rises-second-month-october-2024-11-15/
Sabir, S., & Anjum, G. A. (2017). Problems and prospects of curbside parking in Lahore: Policyimplications for effective management. Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering & Technology, 36(4), 867-880. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Saini, H. K., Chouhan, S. S., & Kathuria, A. (2022). Exclusive motorcycle lanes: A systematic review. IATSS research, 46(3), 411-426. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Sopranzetti, C. (2018). Owners of the map: Motorcycle taxi drivers, mobility, and politics in Bangkok. Univ of California Press. https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.1704.11
Toriola, A. (2023, September 4). History of fuel price increase in Nigeria from 1973 to 2024.
Toro López, M., & Van den Broeck, P. (2023). Informal transportation systems in the region of Urabá in Colombia through the lens of everyday forms of resistance. Mobilities, 18(3), 468-488. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2022.2109984
Uzondu, C., Jamson, S., & Marsden, G. (2022). Road safety in Nigeria: unravelling the challenges, measures, and strategies for improvement. International journal of injury control and safety promotion, 29(4), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2022.2087230
Yakatun, M. M. (2023). Analysis of livelihood impact of commercial motorcycle riders in Bida, Niger State (Doctoral dissertation).
Yousif, M. T., Sadullah, A. F. M., & Kassim, K. A. A. (2020). A review of behavioural issues contribution to motorcycle safety. IATSS research, 44(2), 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2019.12.001
Authors
Kwaghgba, G., & Aondofa, T. (2024). The effect of economic policies on urban transport patterns: A review of motorcycle usage for urban mobility in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 9(2), 32–42. https://doi.org/10.14254/jsdtl.2024.9-2.3
Copyright (c) 2024 Gbagir Kwaghgba, Tyozenda Aondofa
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